Which strategy is essential for enhancing energy efficiency in urban planning?

Implementing green building standards and retrofitting existing buildings is essential for enhancing energy efficiency in urban planning because it directly addresses the energy consumption and environmental impact of buildings, which are significant contributors to urban energy use. By setting green building standards, cities can ensure that new constructions are designed to be energy-efficient, utilizing sustainable materials and technologies like better insulation, energy-efficient appliances, and renewable energy sources such as solar panels.

Retrofitting existing buildings involves upgrading older structures to meet modern efficiency standards. This can include improvements like enhancing insulation, installing energy-efficient windows, and upgrading heating and cooling systems. Such initiatives not only reduce energy consumption but also help decrease greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to sustainability goals.

In contrast, expanding highway systems and encouraging single-occupancy vehicles can lead to increased traffic congestion and higher fuel consumption, undermining energy efficiency. Additionally, limiting public transportation services can make it more difficult for residents to access essential services and workplaces, forcing them to rely on less efficient modes of transport, which can further detract from overall urban energy efficiency.